Natural Form:
Description of Physical Characteristics:
Color: Bonifant
Jasper is a mottled mustard yellow to a yellowish brown or variegated red.
Texture: Fine Grain
Luster: Matte to glassy
Translucency: Opaque
Silica Fabrics / Fossils:
Patina:
Heat Treatment: Mottled cream coloration to a solid cream color.
Knapping:
Texture: Fine Grain
Luster: Matte to glassy
Translucency: Opaque
Silica Fabrics / Fossils:
Patina:
Heat Treatment: Mottled cream coloration to a solid cream color.
Knapping:
Distribution:
Distribution Comments:
Bonifant Jasper is primarily found in cobble form along creeks and ravines in Powhatan County, Virginia near Macon.
Bonifant Jasper is primarily found in cobble form along creeks and ravines in Powhatan County, Virginia near Macon.
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References: (See Reference Page):
Stevenson et al, (2008)
USGS Website (01/17/2022)
Virginia Department of Historical Resources Website (01/17/2022)
Stevenson et al, (2008)
USGS Website (01/17/2022)
Virginia Department of Historical Resources Website (01/17/2022)
Trace Elements
N=16
N=16
| Element | Min | Max | SEM (95%) |
| Na | 86.9 | 130.3 | 108.88 +/- 8.387 |
| Mn | 6.6 | 128.2 | 37.103 +/- 15.487 |
| Zn | 2.30 | 28.31 | 8.303 +/- 3.028 |
| Th | 0.000 | 0.068 | 0.031 +/- 0.011 |
| Sc | 0.000 | 0.10 | 0.081 +/- 0.020 |
| Sb | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 +/- 0.00 |
| Fe | 8638 | 59400 | 17972 +/- 6224.89 |
| Eu | 0.014 | 0.095 | 0.047 +/- 0.013 |
| Cr | 0.000 | 1.167 | 0.739 +/- 0.166 |
| Co | 0.620 | 9.344 | 2.672 +/- 1.025 |
| Ce | 0.000 | 1.300 | 0.740 +/- 0.214 |
| Yb | 0.080 | 0.254 | 0.201 +/- 0.121 |
| Sm | 0.090 | 0.495 | 0.239 +/- 0.061 |
| La | 0.623 | 2.860 | 1.024 +/- 0.29 |
| Ba | 0.00 | 82.7 | 17.887 +/- 11.081 |
| As | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.09 +/- 0.071 |
Archeological Details:
Material Type: This is considered a local material primarily used near the source, but artifacts made from Bonifant Jasper have been found along the James River in Cumberland County.
Cultural Period used: This material was primarily used during the Paleo to Early Archaic period with decreased use into the Late Archaic period with a resurgence of use in the Woodland period.
Primary use:
Material Type: This is considered a local material primarily used near the source, but artifacts made from Bonifant Jasper have been found along the James River in Cumberland County.
Cultural Period used: This material was primarily used during the Paleo to Early Archaic period with decreased use into the Late Archaic period with a resurgence of use in the Woodland period.
Primary use:
Geological Formation Details:
Bonifant Jasper is associated with the porphyoblastic garnet-biotite gneiss formation of Viginia.
Bonifant Jasper is associated with the porphyoblastic garnet-biotite gneiss formation of Viginia.